Chilblains

What are chilblains?

Chilblains are patches of discoloured (red, blue, white, purple), swollen and itchy skin, believed to be caused by a combination of cold weather and poor circulation.

The toes are particularly vulnerable, but other extremities that can develop chilblains include fingers, earlobes and the nose. Tight shoes and damp socks can contribute by further reducing circulation to the toes.

Despite the discomfort, most chilblains don’t cause any permanent damage to tissue, although in serious cases, it can result in an ulcer.

As not everyone exposed to cold and damp conditions will develop chilblains, it is believed that those who do are overly sensitive to changes in weather and temperature.

The elderly, sedentary, children, teenagers and people with medical conditions (such as anaemia) are most susceptible.

Symptoms of chilblains

Chilblains most often develop on the toes. Common symptoms include:

• a burning sensation on the skin
• red, blue, purple or white swollen patches
• mild to intense itching
• dry skin, leading to splits and cracks
• possible secondary infection
• ulceration, in severe cases.

Circulatory system and chilblains

Although the exact cause of chilblains remains unknown, it is thought to be associated with the body’s reaction to cold weather.

The body’s circulatory system comprises arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to every cell. The circulatory system is sensitive to temperature.

In hot conditions, the body expands blood vessels close to the skin so that excess heat can be lost to the air, thereby cooling the body. In cold weather, these blood vessels constrict to conserve body heat. This constriction can reduce circulation to the extremities, such as the toes, of blood and warmth, if your peripheral circulation is sluggish.

Abrupt temperature changes and chilblains

The symptoms of chilblains are made worse with sudden temperature changes – for example, entering a warm house after being outside in the cold.

Similarly, heating cold feet too quickly, by propping them next to a heater or using a hot water bottle, may also exacerbate the condition. Therefore it is often better to concentrate on warming your whole body instead.

Treating chilblains at home

Suggestions for treating chilblains at home include:

• Resist the urge to scratch, as this will further damage the skin.
• Massage calamine lotion or witch hazel into the skin to soothe the itching. Your chemist may also supply a suitable product.
• Lanolin or similar, rubbed into the feet, can help retain body heat.
• Wear woollen or cotton socks and try to keep your feet dry.
• Keep your whole body warm.
• Gentle exercise will improve circulation to your feet.

Chilblain prevention tips

Keeping your entire body warm at all times is helpful in preventing chilblains. Suggestions include:

• Avoid long periods of exposure to cold or damp weather.
• Wear several layers of clothing, which trap body heat more efficiently than one bulky layer.
• Make sure your shoes are comfortable and well fitted.
• Dry feet thoroughly after showering or bathing.
• Use woollen or cotton socks to allow your feet to ‘breathe’.
• Perform gentle exercise, like walking, every day to improve peripheral circulation.
• See a podiatrist for professional treatments and advice.

Professional treatment for chilblains

Severe, ulcerating or recurring chilblains need professional attention. A qualified podiatrist can treat your chilblains and offer advice on prevention.

If you suffer from severe and recurring chilblains, your doctor may prescribe a preventive drug.

If you have a pre-existing condition, such as diabetes, you must see your doctor to check the circulation in the affected area without delay.

If you develop chilblains without being exposed to cold weather, seek advice from your health professional as this may be a sign of another condition such COVID-19.

Where to get help

• Your GP (doctor)
• Podiatrist
• Australian Podiatry Association Tel. (03) 9416 3111 – to find a podiatrist in your local area