Summary
Read the full fact sheet- Toxic shock syndrome is rare but serious.
- Toxic shock syndrome is caused by bacterial toxins, not tampons.
- Using tampons safely, including changing them regularly, reduces the risk of Toxic shock syndrome.
- Toxic shock syndrome can be life threatening, so get medical help straight away if you have symptoms.
On this page
- What is toxic shock syndrome?
- What causes toxic shock syndrome?
- Who can be affected by toxic shock syndrome?
- How is toxic shock syndrome related to tampons?
- Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome
- How to reduce the risk of toxic shock syndrome
- What to do if you think you might have toxic shock syndrome
- Where to get help
What is toxic shock syndrome?
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but severe illness that develops when certain bacteria release toxins into the bloodstream. These toxins can cause sudden, widespread effects on the body and may become life‑threatening without urgent treatment.
What causes toxic shock syndrome?
TSS is caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria. These bacteria can live harmlessly on the skin or in the vagina, but in some conditions, they can multiply and release toxins that trigger TSS.
Who can be affected by toxic shock syndrome?
Anyone can develop TSS, including children and men. But women who have their periods are more likely to get TSS, as it’s associated with tampon use. TSS can also occur after surgery or childbirth.
How is toxic shock syndrome related to tampons?
Tampons don’t cause TSS – the illness is caused by bacterial toxins. But, if you leave a tampon in your vagina for too long, it may irritate the vaginal lining or encourage bacteria to grow, increasing the risk of TSS.
The Australian and New Zealand Standard for Tampons (AS/NZS 2869:2022) requires tampon manufacturers to include clear consumer information about TSS, including:
- risk factors
- warning signs
- safe use instructions
- advice on when to seek medical help.
This aims to improve awareness and reduce preventable risk.
Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome
Symptoms can start suddenly and may progress quickly. They can resemble flu at first, then worsen.
Symptoms may include:
- feeling unwell
- high fever
- vomiting, diarrhoea or both
- headache
- muscle aches
- dizziness or fainting
- a red rash that looks like sunburn.
How to reduce the risk of toxic shock syndrome
It’s rare to develop TSS, but there are things you can do to reduce the risk, such as:
- wash your hands before and after inserting a tampon
- use the lowest absorbency tampon for your flow
- change tampons regularly (every 4 to 6 hours)
- never leave a tampon in for longer than 8 hours
- use pads overnight
- follow the instructions and safety advice that come with the product.
What to do if you think you might have toxic shock syndrome
If you have symptoms of TSS during your period, remove your tampon and seek urgent medical help. Tell your doctor that you have been using tampons. Early detection and treatment are essential.
More information
For more information about periods, visit Jean Hailes.
Where to get help
- Your GP (doctor)
- Gynaecologist
- Jean Hailes for Women’s Health
2022 Australian and New Zealand Standard for Tampons – Menstrual (AS/NZS 2869:2022)
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
